夏亮:复旦大学法学院2012级博士研究生,上海海事职业技术学院讲师。研究方向:国际经济法、海商法。
D915.1
在美国法下的民事诉讼中,“对物管辖”包括“纯正的对物管辖”和广义的“准对物管辖”。“对物诉讼”则可分为“纯正的对物诉讼”和“准对物诉讼”。原告既可以特定的人为被告提起“对人诉讼”,也可以“物”为被告提起“纯正的对物诉讼”。在“对人诉讼”中,如果法院无法对被告行使“对人管辖”,还可基于广义的“准对物管辖”获得对案件的管辖权。基于广义的“准对物管辖”的诉讼被称为“准对物诉讼”,仅对特定的被告具有拘束力。基于“纯正的对物管辖”的诉讼被称为“纯正的对物诉讼”,具有对世效力。“对物管辖”客观上起到了限制责任的作用,且在一定情形下可以转化为“对人管辖”,但“对人管辖”不能转化为“对物管辖”。我国民诉法有必要借鉴美国法的相关规定,即要求我国法院以被告在我国境内可供扣押的财产为依据行使管辖权之前,应确保该争议与被告财产之间,或者被告与我国之间具有“最低联系”。
Under US law, in Rem Jurisdiction includes Strict in Rem Jurisdiction and Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction while in Rem Action can be divided into Strict in Rem Action and Quasi in Rem Action. The plaintiff can bring either Strict in Rem Action or in Personam Action. Generally speaking, the court may exercise Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction only if it can’t acquire in Personam Jurisdiction. Quasi in Rem Action which is based on Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction has binding force over the specific defendant while Strict in Rem Action which is based on Strict in Rem Jurisdiction binds the whole world. in Rem Jurisdiction, which may actually limit the civil liability of the defendant, can be converted into in Personam Jurisdiction. However, the latter can’t be transformed into the former. The civil procedural law of China should borrow some reasonable rules from its counterparts in US law by providing that there must be some minimum contact between the defendant’s property and the controversy, or between the defendant and China, before the court exercises jurisdiction towards the suit merely based on the detainable property of the defendant located in China.
夏亮.论美国法下民事诉讼中的“对物管辖”与“对物诉讼”[J].上海对外经贸大学学报,2015,(1):47-59.
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