张建:首都经济贸易大学法学院讲师,法学博士。研究方向:国际私法。
D996.1/DF961
本文受2018年度国家社科基金专项课题“创新一带一路国际争端解决机制问题研究”(项目号为18VSJ049)资助。
尽管《华盛顿公约》中并未明确规定缔约国有责任制止贿赂与腐败行为,但在投资者与国家间仲裁中,涉及贿赂与腐败的抗辩却越来越常见。许多仲裁庭都对适用于腐败抗辩的证明标准及举证责任分配问题作出了评论,但鲜有仲裁庭对认定腐败成立的法律后果进行分析。待解决的问题包括,腐败究竟应当作为管辖权问题,还是应与案件实体问题一并解决;东道国求诸于腐败抗辩,是否受制于弃权规则及禁反言原则;仲裁庭是否有权对从事了腐败交易的双方当事人的比较过失进行评估。在环球免税公司诉肯尼亚仲裁案、尼科资源公司诉孟加拉国仲裁案、金属技术公司诉乌兹别克斯坦仲裁案中,仲裁庭处理腐败抗辩的裁判思路不尽一致,体现了国际仲裁界在处理腐败问题上的态度演变。
Although the responsibility to refrain from acts of bribery and corruption is not referenced explicitly in the ICSID Convention, allegations of bribery and corruption are increasingly common in Investor-State arbitration. Many tribunals have remarked on the standard and burden of proof applicable to corruption allegations, but very few tribunals have had occasion to analyze the consequences of a finding of corruption. The questions to be answered include whether corruption should be addressed as a matter of jurisdiction or together with the merits of the case; whether a host State’s recourse to corruption defense is subject to waive or estoppel; and whether there is any basis for tribunals to evaluate the comparative culpability of the parties with respect to corrupt transactions. A few tribunals have addressed the corruption issues differently, including World Duty Free Co. v. Kenya, Niko Resources v. Bangladesh, Metal-Tech v. Uzbekistan, which reflect the development of jurisprudence on this topic.
张建.论投资者与国家间仲裁中的腐败问题*[J].上海对外经贸大学学报,2018,(6):50-58.
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