高柏:美国杜克大学社会学系终身教授。研究方向:经济社会学、比较历史社会学、比较政治经济学和国际政治经济学。
C911/F113.7
本文重点分析战后国际金融秩序对美国国内政治经济的影响,美元关键货币地位与美国为国际经济提供流动性而导致的国际收支赤字,最终导致了国际金融秩序中流动性创造机制的铸币税问题和国际贸易秩序中国际收支调整机制的“善意忽略”(benign neglect)问题。这些制度性缺陷在三个方面影响了美国:首先,联邦政府把政策自主权放在首位,通过发行大量债务同时为多重政策目标融资,由此产生的美国政府预算赤字和联邦债务是全球流动性过剩的主要来源;其次,美国金融业强调信用创造方面的竞争力,把社会上的各种资产债券化,进行高杠杆放贷,逃避政府监管,这些做法直接造成的变化导致了次贷危机的爆发;最后,受到美元关键货币地位的影响,再加之美国制造业引领全球生产体系的发展,这就造成了以出口为导向的国家和欧佩克成员国为核心的全球储蓄过剩,随着跨国企业大举在海外投资,美国制造业创造就业机会的能力被严重削弱。
This article highlights the impact of postwar international monetary regimes on the domesticpolitical economy in the United States. It demonstrates that the dollar' 's key currency status and US paymentdeficits to supply liquidity have created both the seigniorage problem in the mechanism of liquidity creationand the benign neglect problem in the mechanism of adjustment. These institutional defects in the postwarinternational monetary regimes, moreover, have affected the United States in three distinctive ways. First, theFederal government has regarded its policy autonomy as a top priority and pursued its policy goals with heavydebt financing. The resulting budget deficits and Federal debts were the major sources of the global glut ofliquidity. Second, the US financial industry has emphasized its competitiveness in credit creation, securitizingvarious assets in society, lending out money with high leverage, and escaping from government regulation.This contributed directly to changes that accounted for the outbreak of the subprime loan crisis. Third, affectedby the dollar's key currency status, the US manufacturing industry led the development of global production.This nurtured the global glut of saving in export-oriented countries and ОРЕС (Organization of the PetroleumExporting Countries). As multinational corporations invested heavily overseas, the job-creating capacity of USmanufacturing was seriously weakened.
高柏.美元:大国兴衰的原点*[J].上海对外经贸大学学报,2019,(1):18-36.
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