王佳:外交学院国际法系副教授,法学博士。研究方向:国际公法。
D992
本文受中国法学会2018年度部级法学研究自选课题“美国单边制裁法律问题研究”( 项目编号: CLS(2018)D149 )的资助。
近年来,美国频繁运用经济制裁解决国际问题。美国经济制裁在其国内法中有较为充分的依据,形成了比较系统的法律体系。目前,有关经济制裁的美国立法数量繁多,在联邦层面基本可以分为授权型立法、直接制裁型立法和包含制裁条款的其他立法三类。上述立法在实践中呈现出一定的碎片化,主要原因在于行政部门和国会在对外政策权力方面存在博弈。在执行方面,经济制裁主要由财政部、国务院和商务部执行,执行措施逐渐呈现以金融制裁为核心的趋势。美国立法中未规定制裁的救济途径,除与美国展开政治谈判外,受制裁对象在某些情况下通过诉讼方式在各地法院、国际司法机构起诉美国,尽管制裁的政治性决定了完全通过司法途径解决相关问题是存在困难的,但诉讼方式在特定情况中起到了施压美国迫使其修改一定措施的作用。
In recent years, the United States applied economic sanctions to solve international issues frequently.The US economic sanctions have relatively suficient basis in their domestic laws, forming a systematic legalsystem. At present, there are a large number of US legislations on economic sanctions At the federal level,the relevant legislations can be basically divided into three types: authorization legislations, direct sanctionslegislations, and other legislations that include sanctions. The above-mentioned legislations have shown somefragmentation in practice. The main reason lies in the power game between the executive branch and theCongress in terms of foreign policy power. As to implementation, economic sanctions are mainly implementedby the Ministry of Finance, the State Council and the Ministry of Commerce, and implementation measuresare gradually based on financial sanctions. There is no remedy for sanctions in US legislations. In addition to negotiating with the United States to seek to lift sanctions, the targets of sanctions have sometimes broughtlawsuits in various courts and international judicial institutions. Although the political nature of sanctionsdetermines that it is difficult to resolve related issues entirely through judicial channels, the lawsuits haveexerted pressure on the United States in certain circumstances forcing it to modify certain measures.
王佳.美国经济制裁立法、执行与救济*[J].上海对外经贸大学学报,2020,(5):52-64.
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