Against the backdrop of profound adjustments in the international economic circulation pattern, accelerating the establishment of the “dual circulation” new development pattern not only implies changes in the demand side or the transformation of the open model, but also represents a strategic game by China to break away from unequal economic dependency relationships. Scientific and technological innovation is closely linked with industrial transformation and upgrading, the national economic circulation, and market dominance capabilities. This makes promoting high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology extremely important for accelerating the establishment of the new development pattern. It not only provides effective means to grasp the commanding heights and initiative of future development, but also builds a solid foundation for creating a balanced domestic large-scale circulation, and shapes a solid guarantee for achieving the positive interaction between domestic and international circulations. Currently, China faces several practical challenges in promoting high-level selfreliance and self-strengthening in science and technology. These mainly manifest in the fact that insufficient basic research limits the improvement of original innovation capabilities, the incomplete national innovation system restricts the quality of technological supply, and the unsmooth connection of the innovation chain, industrial chain, and capital chain aff ects the exertion of technological economic eff ects. Only by strengthening national strategic scientifi c and technological forces, shaping an open ecological environment for scientifi c and technological innovation, achieving integrated promotion of education, science, and technology, building innovation consortia based on local conditions, and cultivating and expanding patient capital, can we ensure that high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening support the smooth establishment of the new development pattern.